Measuring Time-Dependent Accessibility with Emerging Mobility Options: A Generic Multi-Modal Network Modeling Framework

As cities work to enhance their overall transportation systems, new mobility options are being rapidly integrated. These alternatives allow commuters increased flexibility in trip planning and access to more essential services. However, measuring their combined effects on accessibility across time and space in large-scale multimodal networks remains underdeveloped.

Traditional accessibility metrics in single-mode networks typically focus solely on travel time and assume uniform populations. This research addresses these gaps by creating a multimodal framework that evaluates five key factors: average travel time, cost, reliability (travel-time variability), safety, and comfort across all modes. The resulting generalized travel cost determines accessibility, incorporating personal vehicles, ride-hailing services, car sharing, public transit, bicycles, bike sharing, scooters, and walking.